The $ Files - The Academy Case-

No es saber, saber hacer
discursos sutiles, vanos;
que el saber consiste sólo
en elegir lo más sano
Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz. Romances filosóficos y amorosos (Finjamos que soy feliz...) --extracto--. Obras Completas, Ed. Porrúa, S.A. séptima edición, México 1989.

Índice :

Crisis universitaria

Docs. reforma neoliberal de la educación
Medios de Comunicación (Media)
Algunas asociaciones de estudiantes

Algunas asociaciones de académicos

Acciones alternativas o complementarias a la huelgas

Algunos países europeos con educación superior gratuita (todavía)

Crisis universitaria : [^]

Acerca de la huelga estudiantil en México por la gratuidad de la educación superior : "Voy a presentar ahora un ejemplo que bastará para fundar mi afirmación en el sentido de que México es un país más que surrealista. ¿Habrá habido en el curso de la historia alguna nación donde los pobres hayan hecho una huelga para proteger a los ricos? Supongo que no. Pues bien: ¡en México está sucediendo eso! La nueva reglamentación de la UNAM, a más de fijar a los alumnos cuotas muy bajas, exime de su pago a quienes declaren que no pueden cubrirlas, y propone sistemas de pagos diferidos y becas para los estudiantes de condición económica débil. Así las cosas, queda muy claro que los únicos que deberán pagar son los que tienen dinero. ¡Y resulta que quienes no lo tienen hacen una huelga para que esos ricos no aporten nada a la Universidad! ¡Hágame usted el refabrón cavor! Ser pobre es un problema, pero ser pobre y además indejo es una tragedia griega.". Catón, De Política y Cosas Peores, Periodico Reforma, Ciudad de México (29/Abril/99)

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Argentina
Atlántida
Australia
Brasil
Canada
Chile
Deutschland
Ecuador
England
España
France
Ghana
Grecia
Guatemala
Haiti
India
Israel
Libano
México
New Zaeland
Nicaragua
Niger
Pakistan
Papua New Guinea
Perú
Philippins
Puerto Rico
Romania
Scotland
South Africa
Uruguay
USA
XXX

Argentina :

Los estudiantes argentinos ante la situación del sistema universitario nacional
"convocamos a una pelea decidida contra el avance de una universidad excluyente, que actúa empresarialmente en el mercado, compitiéndo con las otras universidades, carentes de todo sentido ético, regida por patrones eficientistas, impropios de su naturaleza... vemos oportuno convocar a los Consejos Superiores de las Universidades Nacionales, a todos los Legisladores Nacionales (Diputados y Senadores) a una reunión extraordinaria en defensa de la Universidad Libre, Pública, Autónoma y Gratuita"

[+] [^]

Atlántida :

Reformas en las universidades de la Atlántida por Federico García Morales
"Como decía Platón, en la Atlántida hubo leyes sabias. Pero no siempre fue así. Las instituciones educativas que llegaron a hacerse célebres y entregar tan grandes legisladores, no siempre estuvieron al servicio del bien común. Más bien estaban al servicio de algunos cuantos. Y fue necesario que ocurriese un intenso proceso de reformas y revoluciones para superar todo lo que había devenido en rémora, atraso, deshumanización, opresión...En esa remota época, antes de la edad de Oro, llegó a establecerse un sistema que elogiaba, sobre todas las cosas, a la competencia y trataba a los seres humanos como cosas que se transaban en el mercado... La gran mayoría eran esclavos en las manufacturas, en los campos, en los centros burocráticos; eran esclavos en el trabajo o por sus deudas, si es que no, esclavos de la pura miseria. Y también eran siervos en las escuelas. Nadie era ciudadano en su trabajo, nadie era ciudadano en su casa, nadie era ciudadano en los lugares de estudio. En la Atlántida, por todos lados reinaba la arbitrariedad, el colosal dominio de algunos pocos, y hasta de controladores lejanos"

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Australia :

Occupation of the Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology. Students & Staff say "NO" to upfront-fees, (8/Sept/99)
"Over the last 20 months, unprecedented attacks on the higher education system in Australia have struck at the very core of publicly funded education and have propelled many students into action. The occupation of the Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology (RMIT) is but the latest example of such action."

[+] [^]

Brasil :

Resoluções do 46º Congresso da União Nacional dos Estudantes
"1. Contra as privatizações das universidades públicas: não ao pagamento de mensalidades nas instituições estatais...3. Rejeição da reforma educacional de FHC/Banco Mundial! Em defesa do ensino público e gratuito para todos e em todos os níveis ... 5. Não aos cortes nos orçamentos da União e dos Estados para as universidades públicas!"

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Canada :

Thousands of students walk out in Quebec by Daniel Paquet, in People's Weekly World (30/Nov/96)
"More than 20 colleges were involved in a student strike ... All of them were opposed to the possible rise of tuition fees at the post-secundary level ... They wanted to preserve free education at this level, said a spokesperson for the college students."

NSCAD students strike back by Peter Pachal (11/Feb/99)
"Students from at least three Maritime universities joined fellow students of Nova Scotia College of Art and Design (NSCAD) Wednesday in a protest against the government and the Royal Bank ... A tuition freeze, elimination of bankruptcy legislation, and adequate funding for post-secondary education were among the demands of student protestors gathered at NCSAD in demonstration. Also taking part in the protest were students from the University of King's College, Dalhousie University and the University of Prince Edward Island."

The Dalhousie Faculty Strike: A strikingly liberatory education , by Penny McCall Howard
"For the first time in many of our university careers, we made our own schedules, chose our own teachers, and spent hours debating and analyzing what it was that we were actually participating in. We each took the initiative and opportunity to contribute as much and as spontaneously as we could, and we could each clearly see the effect of that contribution on our peers and on the university. What became achingly clear is that the "real" university education that we were missing during the strike is controlled and structured precisely to eliminate the kind of debate and action that we were participating in."

[+] [^]

Chile :

Protestas universitarias , El Siglo (Mayo/99)
"Desde hace cuatro años ... venimos solicitando que se establezca una mesa de diálogo donde estén los diferentes actores de la educación superior, los académicos, los funcionarios, los rectores, el gobierno y los estudiantes. Para poder discutir las políticas para educación superior, para inciar un gran debate, que es decisivo para el desarrollo nacional...La falta de recursos estatales para becas y créditos, y la nula participación de los alumnos en la toma de decisiones en el gobierno interno de las universidades, son motivos que provocan que el movimiento siga masificándose"

[+] [^]

Deutschland :

Welcome to the German strike site
"The call is for more money. Allegedly, there is none ... According to the "Department of Federal Statistics" net profits of German companies have gone up almost 33% between 1991 and 1996. At the same time, social and political contributions of self-same companies have dropped from 16% to 10% as a consequence of federal tax exemption policies. Aha.... "

Catalogue of demands, German strike, (1/Dec/97)
"No student fees! No elite universities! Education for all!"

[+] [^]

Ecuador :

New Paradigms in Ecuador, by Liz Reisberg. International Higher Education (1997)
"The fee issue contributed to growing political tensions on campus that led to a six-week strike called by the Student Federation...Arrobo introduced a plan that would reduce enrollment in the predegree program...The most controversial part...was the introduction of an admissions aptitude test... His goal was to limit the program to those students who had a good possibility of passing it. The aptitude test contributed to the tensions that led to the strike. Open access and free higher education are sacred in much of Latin America and certainly in Ecuador".

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England :

Millions strike against tuition plan in UK by Amelia Gentleman from the Guardian (5/March/98)
"The National Union of Students ... president, Douglas Trainer, said: Student anger demonstrates our depth of feeling that the introduction of fees cannot be allowed to happen"

Tuition Fees
"Non-payment of tuition fees is happening, with thousands of students unable to or refusing to pay ... A survey published in July by the Committee of University Vice-Chancellors and Principals (CVCP) has revealed that there is £15 million in unpaid fees from the 1998-99 academic year. this is 10% of the total fees which should have been collected last academic year from first year British students ... The CVCP survey also reveals that it is the new universities, with a higher proportion of students from a working-class background, which have been most susceptible to tuition fee debt".

Sussex University Occupation
"The administrative building of Sussex University is currently under occupation by a group of peaceful students protesting against the threatened expulsion of 89 students who have not paid their tuition fees."

[+] [^]

España :

Huelga de la enseñanza en España
"La Jornada de Lucha convocada en todo el Estado por el Sindicato de Estudiantes, el 24 de abril, coincidiendo con la Huelga General de profesores convocada por CCOO y UGT en el territorio gestionado por el Ministerio de Educación, y apoyada por la CEAPA, ha demostrado, una vez más, el enorme rechazo de la comunidad educativa a la política del Gobierno del PP, caracterizada por el desmantelamiento de la enseñanza pública en beneficio de la enseñanza privada-concertada, a la vez que se aumenta la represión de los derechos democráticos dentro de los centros de estudio"

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France :

"La dégradation de l'enseignement est délibérée", Interview de Gérard de Sélys sur le mouvement des lycéens en France, par David Ambrosio, Rebelle
"Enseignants et étudiants français protestent contre la dégradation accélérée de l'enseignement en France. Les classes sont surpeuplées, les bâtiments mal entretenus, des cours supprimés ... la dégradation de l'enseignement est délibérée ... Cette stratégie consiste à dégrader l'enseignement public à un point tel que les étudiants se tournent vers un enseignement présenté comme meilleur ou plus 'pointu' et... payant"

France: The chronology of the strike
"Late October to early November 1995 - students begin a strike and occupation movement against Chirac's broken promises to end underfunding and poor conditions in public universities; meetings between government and union officials fail to reach stable agreement."

[+] [^]

Ghana :

Educational Crisis Reason At Last President Rawlings Intervenes, The Independent (29/Sept/99)
"At the core of the crisis is an increase in use fees at tertiary institutions. Tertiary education in Ghana has, since the First Republic, been free until the Rawlings regime two years ago asked parents and students to pay what they term academic user fees that cover part of tuition and other facilities at the university...Although the Government and international agencies like the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund tout Ghana as an economic success story, it appears from the series of demonstrations by students and a plea by parents that they cannot pay the user fees that all is not well with the economy"

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Grecia :

Students strike for subsidy, Cyprus (1999)
"The students boycotted classes for three hours in the morning. Students studying overseas are given £1,000 a year by the government to help offset the massive costs of fees and living expenses. The students studying in Cyprus say that their rent and books are also expensive and that they too should receive the subsidy"

[^]

Guatemala :

Condicionantes de la Crisis en la Educación Superior , Instituto de Investigaciones Económicas y Sociales, Universidad de San Carlos de Guatemala (USAC) (Agosto/97)
"Independientemente de la crisis interna de la USAC, la postura oficial no percibe que lo que realmente está en crisis es la visión que se tiene sobre la educación superior en el contexto de la política neoliberal....Al no tener una estrategia propia de Educación Superior, se recurre, entre otras cosas, a la venta de los activos fijos de instituciones autónomas y semiautónomas. Privatizar y enajenar los bienes de la población no es más que una posición cortoplacista que ha demostrado sus limitaciones en aquellos países donde ha sido aplicada"

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Haiti :

Thousand students took the streets to denounce the implementation of I.M.F./World Bank policies
"On August 28, over one thousand students took the streets in Port-au-Prince to denounce the implementation of I.M.F./World Bank policies in Haiti. One of the policies implemented was privatization of state owned enterprises, including the state universities, the phone company, and electric company"

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India :

Jahangirnagar University fees hike, The Independent (30/Sept/99)
"The students of Jahangirnagar University have been observing strike to protest the enhancement of tuition fees. The students boycotted classes, constituted a resistance committee, formed human chain, prevented the holding of examinations, and as the deadlock has been persisting for three weeks many students have left their halls. Finally students went on hunger strike".

[+] [^]

Israel :

Students On Strike, Israeli Culture (11/09/98)
"...the students' protests call for the government to pay a higher percentage of their schooling. Student demonstrators are demanding a 50% reduction in their university tuition."

[+] [^]

Lebanon:

AUB students call for fee-hike strike, by May Farah, Daily Star (June/98)
"Students at the American University of Beirut have called for a one-day strike tomorrow to protest against a six per cent hike in tuition fees and the firing of staff and faculty

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México:

Strike at the UNAM in Mexico (National Autonomous University - about 267,000 students) (1999)
"We invite the youth and workers to give their support to the struggle of the university students, who with the strike at the University System of Mexico are trying to stop the attacks on public education ... The fight at the UNAM is a fight for free, quality public education"

Pliego Petitorio, Consejo General de Huelga UNAM, (Abril/99)
"Uno: Abrogación del Reglamento General de Pagos y eliminación de todos los cobros ilegales. Dos: ... recuperar el pase automático, eliminar los nuevos límites de permanencia a los estudiantes ... y respetar la elección de carrera ... Tres: Creación de un espacio de diálogo y resolución sobre los problemas que enfrenta nuestra universidad. Cuatro: Retiro de cualquier tipo de sanción en contra de estudiantes, maestros o trabajadores que participamos en este movimiento ... Cinco: Recuperación de los días de clases invertidos en el movimiento y extensión de las fechas de trámites administrativos. Seis: ... anulación del examen único de ingreso al bachillerato y el examen único de egreso."

Notificación de expulsión a un alumno de la UNAM, La Jornada (29/Octubre/99)
"Estudiantes de la Facultad de Medicina que participan en el movimiento estudiantil recibieron notificaciones signadas por el director de esa instancia universitaria, Alejandro Cravioto ... A continuación reproducimos una de esas notificaciones, con ortografía y sintaxis originales: ... "...ha incurrido en posesionarse de las instalaciones que conforman la facultad de medicina, poniendo sellos de color rojo con la leyenda "Consejo General de Huelga" en todas y cada una de las puertas de acceso e impidiendo el acceso a cualquier persona que no sea parte del movimiento activista ... Por lo anterior ... SE LE EXPULSA DE MANERA INMEDIATA DE LA UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL AUTONOMA DE MEXICO CON LA FINALIDAD DE SALVAGUARDAR EL ORDEN Y LA DISCIPLINA UNIVERSITARIA. ..."..."

Punto de vista del diario La Crónica de Hoy sobre el paro en la UNAM, México, DF (29/Julio/1999)
"El movimiento de los paristas en lugar de extinguirse, crece. Tal vez no con estudiantes, sino con todos los grupos radicales y ultras de la capital. El gobierno tiene que asumir su responsabilidad: desalojarlos de CU, con el costo político que ello implica, que puede llegar incluso a la formación de guerrilla urbana, o dejar morir la UNAM, como ocurrió con la Universidad de San Marcos en Perú ...antes de la llegada de Fujimori."

Pagar becas, más barato que tener abierta la universidad: Coparmex, por Roberto González Amador, La Jornada (4/Julio/99)
"Para Alberto Fernández Garza, presidente de la Confederación Patronal de la República Mexicana (Coparmex), la solución al paro que ... mantiene suspendidas las labores académicas en la UNAM es ''cerrar'' la institución ''por espacio de dos, tres, cuatro o los años que sea necesario'' ... Abundó: "Lo que propongo es que los estudiantes que tengan deseos de continuar su preparación académica sean becados en instituciones del extranjero. Pagar esos estudios aseguró es más barato que mantener abierta la institución'', una de las más antiguas de América, dijo el representante patronal en una entrevista con La Jornada."

Rechaza la Iglesia gratuidad de la educación superior, por Alma E. Muñoz, La Jornada (14/Julio/99)
"Después del conflicto en la Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), las autoridades deberían establecer una estrategia de sensibilización entre los estudiantes, a partir de la secundaria, para hacerles ver que la enseñanza superior en México no puede ser gratuita, consideró el secretario ejecutivo de la Comisión de Educación y Cultura de la Conferencia del Episcopado Mexicano, Edmundo Morales. ... En entrevista, el sacerdote indicó que la institución católica está a favor del alza de cuotas en las universidades públicas ... Asimismo, acusó a los paristas de intransigentes al negarse a entregar las instalaciones universitarias."

Días en huelga :

[+] [^]

New Zaeland :

NZ Students Occupy Admin Building Over Higher Fees, (1996)
"The National government has adopted a sinking lid funding policy, dropping funding to tertiary educational institutions by 1% per year. In addition, they do not fund for inflationary costs or staff pay increases. This means that universities are underfunded in real terms by an additional 3-4% per year ... In May 1995, students occupied the registry building for 48 hours, highlighting the government´s funding policy, and calling for the University administration to stand up to the government policy ... Students and staff were strongly in support of each other, unwilling to be divided by any claims that any staff pay increase would result in an increase in fees ... Chancellor stated that ...she would be putting changes in the university disciplinary regulations to council, so that students who organized similar protests in the future would be explelled"

[+] [^]

Nicaragua :

Students in Nicaragua fight it out with the Government over University autonomy
"Students in Nicaragua, acting under the umbrella of the Nicaraguan National Union of Students (UNEN), have been upbeat in their struggle to defend university autonomy and against governments attempts to undercut budgetary allocations to universities...UNEN recounted several government attempts since 1992 to withdraw a constitutional allocation of 6% of the national budget to "the Nicaraguan National Autonomous University (UNAN). "Consequently, it provoked a state of permanent mobilistion in the universities" resulting in clashes with the police where two protesters were killed on December 13, 1995, sixty students severely injured and another one hundred and sixteen arrested".

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Niger :

Students on Strike
"The students are protesting against the deterioration of their living and study conditions and the violation of students rights and academic freedom".

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Pakistan :

Lecturers observe hunger strike, Dawn (23/Feb/99)
"The Punjab Professors and Lecturers Association (PPLA), Lahore division, on Monday observed a token hunger strike against the proposed 'privatization' of educational institutions in front of the Punjab Assembly...They alleged that privatization of educational institutions was part of an international conspiracy to destroy Pakistan's education system. They claimed the nationalization of educational institutions in 1972 had helped to improve academic standards and end exploitation of students and their parents...that merit and enrolment had decreased in autonomous institutions but tuition fees had increased manifold".

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Palestina :

Staff and students strikes at Birzeit disrupt academic year (18/Nov/97)
"... faculty and staff in Birzeit's union decided to continue a full strike ... against the university administration's decision not to pay wages for the month of October ... Meanwhile, in protest at a decision by the Ministry of Higher Education to raise fees at Palestinian universities by three Jordanian dinars (JD) per credit hour for new students and one JD for existing students, student councils in all Palestinian universities have announced the a one-day strike tomorrow, on 18 November."

[+] [^]

Papua New Guinea :

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Perú :

Los universitarios en la transición democrática, por Eduardo González Cueva, doctorante en Sociología en la New School for Social Research, N.Y.
"La escena política peruana fue sacudida en los últimos dos meses por masivas movilizaciones contra el régimen fujimorista. En el pasado se habían presentado algunas protestas callejeras organizadas por los sindicatos, pero la novedad de los meses de junio y julio fue la masiva presencia de estudiantes universitarios como organizadores y participantes."

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Philippines :

National Sign-up Day. Save The Press!, (1999)
"Across the country, over 300 student newspapers are either shut down or are experiencing other press freedom violations like censorship ... this government has only brought militarization, subhuman wages, unemployment, high prices of basic goods, endless oil price hikes, unrestricted tuition fee increases, demolition of dwellings, forced migration and other unspeakable hardships ... Sobra na! Tama na! Pirma Na!"

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Puerto Rico :

Resolución del Gobierno Estudiantil de la Universidad de Puerto Rico, (31/Marzo/98)
"REAFIRMANDO: Que "Trabajar en contra de la privatización de la educación" es otro principio del movimiento estudiantil no tan sólo en Puerto Rico sino en Latinoamerica y el Caribe asi como en otras partes del mundo ... CONCIENTES: Que la Junta Universitaria, con el voto de los rectores, el presidente y los demás administradores que la componen y el voto en contra de los representantes estudiantes y la abstención de los representantes de los profesores, aprobó el alza en la matrícula ... POR TANTO: El Consejo General de Estudiantes ... resuelve: ...Oponerse firmemente a todo intento de aumentar los costos de matrícula ya sea en las cuotas como en los créditos o imponiendo nuevas cuotas... Adoptar las medidas de presión necesarias para detener los recortes al presupuesto universitario y cualquier intento de aumento en los costos de la matrícula, incluyéndo marchas, piquetes, paros (24 y 48, escalonadamente) y una huelga (Paro Indefinido), entre otras...Hacer un llamado nacional e internacional a organizaciones e individuos a solidarizarse con nuestra lucha en pro de una educación pública y gratuita de excelencia"

[+] [^]

Rumania :

Romanian students continue to protest fees OMRI Daily Digest II, No. 204, [10] (19/Oct/95)
"Students on 18 October continued to stage protests in Bucharest and other cities to oppose official plans to implement university fees"

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Scotland :

Strikers hit city streets News from the Edinburgh Student (12/03/98)
"Striking students blocked Edinburgh´s roads and surrounded Scottish Office buildings last week, in a dramatic protest protest against the Government´s plans for university tuition fees"

[+] [^]

South Africa :

Cash-strapped universities face renewed challenges, by Alan Morris, Woza (9/March/98)
"In the ensuing protest action about 500 students were arrested and the university was closed. The principal, Professor Cecil Abrahams, has said that the university cannot afford to carry the debt and that "if students do not pay the university faces closure"."

[+] [^]

Uruguay :

MOVILIZACION Y DEBATES EN LA ENSEÑANZA, Brecha Año 12 - No. 611 - Montevideo (15/ Agosto/97)
"...movilizaciones de universitarios en reclamo de mayores partidas presupuestarias, y las del resto de las ramas de la enseñanza contra la reforma educativa ... Luego de algunos años de cierto letargo, los diferentes ámbitos universitarios muestran un importante nivel de agitación ... ocupación de tres facultades por parte de estudiantes, docentes y funcionarios que conforman la Intergremial Universitaria ... El tema presupuestal está en la base de la reactivación gremial, ya que todos los órdenes consideran que la situación de la máxima casa de estudios ha llegado a límites insoportables".

Inflexibilidad con buenos modos, por Nelson Cesin/Carina Gobbi/Raúl Zibechi, Brecha (31/Agosto/96)
"El conflicto de la enseñanza ingresa este fin de semana en una fase crítica Paralelamente a la extensión del movimiento estudiantil, y al creciente involucramiento de padres y docentes, entraron a tallar cada vez con mayor fuerza los sindicatos. Quizá nunca antes los trabajadores organizados habían practicado una solidaridad tan amplia con los estudiantes"

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USA :

Students Rally for Lower Tuition, WCCO News (12/March/97)
"Hundreds of Minnesota college students were expected at the state capitol today to rally for bills that would reduce tuition."

School, business computer partnership draws fire , CNN (11/Dec/97)
"Students protesting...A planned for-profit partnership between the California State University system and four high-tech companies is under fire because the companies would become the exclusive providers of computer technology in the 22-campus system"

UC Teaching Assistants Strike on 8 Campuses, by Kenneth R. Weiss, Times Education (2/Dec/98)
"In the nation's largest labor strike by graduate students, hundreds of teaching assistants walked off the job at eight University of California campuses Tuesday."

Are the Media Missing a Graduate Student Revolution?, by Kathy McDonald, News Watch Spotlight (29/June/99)
"Graduate students on several University of California campuses voted to unionize this month, joining their peers throughout the UC system who voted earlier this year to be represented by local affiliates of the United Auto Workers. While regional papers such as The Los Angeles Times and the San Diego Union-Tribune provided coverage of the vote counts, the graduate students' victories received almost no media attention outside of the state of California".

Strike sanctions, by Gordon Lafer 21 December, 1995
"statement calling on the Yale administration ... to abandon the threats of academic sanctions for strike participants ... We are professors at various law schools around the country, most of us teaching labor law ...... administration's invitation to individual professors to terrorize their advisees , and the particular tactics ... seem to us morally reprehensible ... the kind of tactics the Administration and some faculty members have adopted also pose an obvious threat to academic freedom. The Administration's formal grant of permission to anti-union faculty members to assess the "qualities (though not the beliefs)" of the advisees "observed in the course of political activities," is chilling. If you add to that kind of diffuse intimidation the much more specific sanction of firing or exclusion from employment, you will teach a lesson of subservience to illegitimate authority that is the antithesis of what institutions like Yale purport to stand for."

Paying for free speech, Student Press Law Center Report (Spring 1999)
"To maintain a system of student fee funding of campus organizations, universities may feel pressure to restructure student fee expenditures to only support organizations with noncontroversial content in order to strike a proper constitutional balance between university goals and the rights of students dissenting to certain campus groups. Of particular concern to the college press, school officials and their representatives may construe a prohibition on "political and ideological" content to apply to every school-funded campus organization, including the "mainstream" student media."

Universities in Crisis; Workers in Struggle: The Knowledge Industry, Political Solidarity, and Applied Sociology, by Corey Dolgon, Worcester State College (1998)
"the custodial workers at Southampton College of Long Island University were sold to Laro Management Company, an outside firm ... custodians suddenly found themselves forced to fill out new job applications for positions some had held for almost 30 years. ... work conditions and compensation for custodians had changed significantly: they lost eligibility for ... retirement benefits; they lost tuition remission benefits;... they experienced immediate changes in work, pay, and vacation schedules ... a survey to measure Laro's performance regarding management ... few custodians felt they were treated with respect by Laro or College supervisors ... there had been no improvement in services since the privatization ... Laro was predominately invisible. Only one Laro manager was ever present on campus and he was the same supervisor they had before the contract ... outsourcing had become a prevalent institutional strategy for saving on labor costs and enabled employers to break union representation without necessarily doing the work themselves (thus avoiding the bad publicity) ... custodians themselves began passing around a petition among students. The petition called on the College's administration to cancel the new contract ... Over the following few weeks, the Coalition brought together students, faculty, staff and concerned members of the community to work with custodians in pressuring the college ... similar fights occurring in places like Tufts, University of Rhode Island, the University of Pennsylvania, and elsewhere. The administrations of these universities have all caught the downsizing bug ...... On a small scale, this event is just another example of a continuing crisis in the function and functioning of the modern university"

Cutting taxes at students' expense,, by John Mudd, The Oracle On Line, (24/May/99)
"...during the past decade tuition costs have increased by 195.3 percent when inflation has only risen 63.3 percent ... student debt has increased by 60 percent during the past 20 years ... Such a high price we pay so that the bars where we go so often to drink and dance can pay less in taxes ... There were a slew of other tax cuts that sailed through this year - tax cuts that totaled over $1billion - $1 billion that could have just as easily completely subsidized our complete tuition bill ......Are tax cuts a bad thing? No, not at all ... But I did not see what I have been paying in sales tax - state, city, county or otherwise - cut even a cent. Nor did I see my rent lowered due to a property tax cut ... No, these tax cuts went to huge contributors to state legislators' campaigns for election and re-election ... Is that a bad thing? Not if you're on the beneficial end I suppose."

[+] [^]

XXX :

"dégradation accélérée de l'enseignement. Les classes sont surpeuplées, les bâtiments mal entretenus, des cours supprimés"
[ ] OUI, [ ]NON

"Declining public funding"
[ ] YES, [ ] NO

"The process is aided by administrations and governing boards that at best offer no resistance and which often embrace it."
[ ] YES, [ ] NO

"Rhetoric of ´excellence´. Rankings measure it, and internal budgets focus on it. All agree about it"
[ ] YES, [ ] NO

"Rising and often de-regulated tuition"
[ ] YES, [ ] NO

"Increased dependence on corporate dollars and corporate influence"
[ ] YES, [ ] NO

"Emphasis on training to meet transitory labour market needs"
[ ] YES, [ ] NO

"La universidad actúa empresarialmente en el mercado, compitiéndo con las otras universidades"
[ ] SÍ, [ ] NO

"Students demonstrate or strike"
[ ] YES, [ ] NO

"Keep assistant' status as non-employee: cheap labor."
[ ] YES, [ ] NO

"Rhetoric: Open access and free higher education are old fashioned values"
[ ] YES, [ ] NO

"University administrators claim students are the principal immediate beneficiaries of free public higher education"
[ ] YES, [ ] NO

"Net profits of corporations raised. At the same time, social and political contributions of self-same companies have dropped as a consequence of federal tax exemption policies. Common citizen´s taxes were not cut or lowered."
[ ] YES, [ ] NO

"The education system is seeking to become smaller, evaluation ends up serving as an instrument for exclusion."
[ ] YES, [ ] NO

"charging full cost fees for room and board"
[ ] YES, [ ] NO

"testing for all student loans"
[ ] YES, [ ] NO

"charging full market rates of interest on all loans"
[ ] YES, [ ] NO

"improving collection of loans through private companies, and the introduction of a graduate tax"
[ ] YES, [ ] NO

"training faculty in entrepreneurship"
[ ] YES, [ ] NO

"selling research and courses"
[ ] YES, [ ] NO

"increasing the number of private educational institutions with full cost tuition"
[ ] YES, [ ] NO

"aumento de venta de servicios, actividades extramurales, postulación a fondos concursables, venta de propiedades, búsqueda de donaciones y legados"
[ ] SÍ, [ ] NO

"desaparición del debate interno. La universidad bajo ataque deja de pensar colectivamente, deja de elaborar visiones de su propio futuro"
[ ] SÍ, [ ] NO

"University administration emphasizes the roles of students as clients, as passive consumers of a product they provide "
[ ] YES, [ ] NO

"Media hostil to students who demonstrate or strike"
[ ] YES, [ ] NO

"Substantial financial and media support to students who complain for lost class time, but not to those who demonstrated in the name of quality education."
[ ] YES, [ ] NO

"mainstream press virtually ignored the massive student strikes and demonstrations that have been taking place in other countries. No attempt has been made to link these incidents, nor of providing background information; let alone any sort of analysis".
[ ] YES, [ ] NO
.
.
.

[^]

Docs. reforma neoliberal de la educación : [^]

[ :( ]
[ :) ]

[:( ] [^]

Academia Inc. by Victor Dwyer
"Scrambling to make ends meet, universities are turning themselves into sleek new profit machines"

University, Inc. by David Harvey about The University in Ruins by Bill Readings
"With devastating skill Readings takes apart the rhetoric of "excellence" with which universities cover the emptiness at their core. Rankings (like those in U.S. News & World Report) measure it, and internal budgets focus on it. And the joy of excellence is that we all agree about it. Its invocation "overcomes the problem of the question of value across disciplines, since excellence is the common denominator of good research in all fields,"... The trouble is that excellence is meaningless when it comes to key decisions (for example, to close a classics department and open up a multicultural-studies program). "So to say that excellence is a criterion is to say absolutely nothing other than that the committee will not reveal the criteria used to judge applications." Those criteria, it turns out, lie elsewhere. The pursuit of excellence allows the university "to understand itself solely in terms of the structure of corporate administration." A key slippage then occurs, as the quite proper demand that the university be accountable gets translated into the reductionist idea that everything is simply a matter of accounting."

The Corporatised University , Editorial of the Multinational Monitor, (Nov/97)
"The most profound harm of university-industry ties may be the erosion of university and professional independence. Universities are unique repositories of information and expertise, and society looks to academia to provide disinterested recommendations for, and critique of, policies, technologies and products. When the autonomy of huge swaths of the university is compromised, and when open debate is displaced by corporate norms of proprietary secrecy, then society loses an important pool of potentially independent, trustworthy experts."

Universities in Crisis by Derek Blackadder
"Universities are in crisis. Declining public funding, increased dependence on corporate dollars and corporate influence, an emphasis on training to meet transitory labour market needs, and rising and often de-regulated tuition are clear signs that governments are abandoning post-secondary education. The process is aided by administrations and governing boards that at best offer no resistance and which often embrace it. Students and employees have been left as the last defenders of accessible, quality post-secondary education. Relatively powerless and easily threatened as individuals, collectively they're becoming a force university administrators are learning to be wary of."

Crisis y futuro de la Universidad , por Luis Cifuentes Seves, académico de la Facultad de Ciencias Físicas y Matemáticas de la Universidad de Chile.
"El ascenso del mercantilismo neoliberal, que se expresó con fuerza en los 70 y se exacerbó luego del colapso del socialismo leninista, ha enfrentado a la universidad a una profunda crisis, que se manifiesta en la mayor parte del mundo ... Las fuentes externas ... (surgimiento de la sociedad postindustrial, concentración del poder económico en megaconsorcios transnacionales, globalización, pérdida de atribuciones y sentido de los Estados nacionales) que se expresan en la voluntad de los círculos económica y políticamente dominantes de terminar con la universidad estatal, por cuanto la consideran onerosa e ineficiente y rechazan tanto su función crítica como la resonancia progresista que los fenómenos políticos han tenido tradicionalmente en ella ... Las fuentes internas provienen de la adaptación acrítica de las comunidades universitarias a las reglas del juego mercantil impuestas a la universidad, de la ineficiencia e irracionalidad en la distribución interna de recursos y de la enajenación de buena parte de los académicos en la dinámica del autofinanciamiento ... la universidad trata de adaptarse a las condiciones adversas incrementando sus ingresos de todas las maneras que le son posibles: aumento del costo de las matrículas, venta de servicios, actividades extramurales, postulación a fondos concursables, venta de propiedades, búsqueda de donaciones y legados ... Desafortunadamente estos esfuerzos rara vez son acompañados por un ejercicio de autocrítica institucional ... la enajenación académica tiene otra consecuencia gravísima: la declinación y, en muchos casos, desaparición del debate interno. La universidad bajo ataque deja de pensar colectivamente, deja de elaborar visiones de su propio futuro. La acción tanto de las fuentes internas como externas de la crisis parecen apuntar inequívocamente a la degradación y eventual desaparición de la universidad estatal en todo el mundo y a un período de laissez faire en el campo de la educación superior privada".

When Campus Resists (The politics of space, power and cultural resistance in the Guelph Occupation Movement) Edited by Tom Keefer, Lana Rabkin, Andrew Thompson. Occupation Press, Guelph 1997.
"The struggle for the democratization of campuses and the fight for accessible education have been ongoing since the radicalization of students in the 196O's. These struggles are taking on new meaning under the skies of neo-liberalism globalization and the corporatization of learning. When Campus Resists documents the struggles of students at the University of Guelph as they confront the consequences of these global power changes."

Special Newsletter on Dearing Report, analysis by Keele Association of University Teachers of Dearing's arguments for his proposals on tuition fees (UK)
"Although the Dearing Report makes many recommendations on all aspects of teaching, research and higher education structures (many of which, one suspects, are destined to be ignored or are things which were going to be done anyway), it is likely to go down in history simply as the report that abolished free education. The charging of tuition fees undermines fundamentally the concept of education as a public service ... Dearing's advocacy of tuition fees derives from his view of higher education as primarily a financial investment by the individual student ... having adopted this ideological attitude toward the value of university education, his conclusions almost inevitably follow - an example of the principle known to some of us as `garbage in, garbage out'. His conclusions can be rebutted by challenging the value system on which they are based. If we, who benefited from free education, wish to defend it for the next generation, now is the time to speak out."

World Bank Promotes Its Agenda in Paris, Canadian Association of University Teachers, Bulletin on line (Nov/98)
"Higher education, the World Bank argues, is a private -- not a public -- good whose problems are amenable to market solutions. That is, it is in limited supply, not demanded by all, and is available for a price. Also, the consumers (business and industry) are "reasonably well informed" while the providers (administrators and faculty) are "often ill informed -- conditions which are ideal for market forces to operate." Financing the demand side means, in practice, (i) increasing tuition fees; (ii) charging full cost fees for room and board; (iii) means testing for all student loans; (iv) charging full market rates of interest on all loans; (v) improving collection of loans through private companies, and the introduction of a graduate tax; (vi) training faculty in entrepreneurship; (vii) selling research and courses; and (viii) increasing the number of private educational institutions with full cost tuition. The goal is to make higher education completely self-financing."

The World Bank has a plan for you, by Kent Peacock
"I am quite prepared to argue that our universities should police themselves a little more thoroughly than they do and, in particular, should have stronger means of dealing with the occasional cases of non-performance among senior faculty. Universities at their worst are artificially maintained greenhouses, housing luxuriant, tropical exfoliations of self-indulgent thought. However, at their best, and even when they are not quite at their best, universities are the conscience, foresight, and memory of the society that supports them. It is absolutely essential for the survival of any civilization that there be a place where talented eccentrics can maintain a clear, skeptical, independent vision, free of any self-serving agenda. The World Bank's grand plan for universities thus indeed amounts to a self-imposed lobotomization of human society".

Labor in Academia, by Michael Rodi
"Teaching Assistants at Yale democratically decided to engage in a grade strike in order to have ..the Graduate Employees and Students Organization ... recognized... Many of you probably remember what followed: the administration and "liberal" faculty went after the students with threats, letters of disrecommendation, blacklisting, and other tactics ... Now, as graduate students in California threaten to strike, they are no doubt excited over the recent news that the General Council of the National Labor Relations Board has decided to charge the Yale administration with violations of federal labor law ... The NLRB has decided that TAs--who are paid by universities to teach classes, grade papers and exams, hold office hours, etc.--are, in fact, employees ... The absurdity of claiming that teachers aren't employees is just one of several tactics that university administrators are using to do what the rest of corporate America is doing--squeezing the most out of its employees. Other tactics include hiring part-time and adjunct workers who not only get paid less that full-time professors, but don't usually get benefits. And, of course, even the full-time faculty are feeling the squeeze, as they teach more courses with larger enrollments each semester. Furthermore,... the clerical workers, custodial staff, and maintenance staff are all subjected to the same forces that workers outside the academy face, including, for example, the tremendous salary discrepancy between male and female workers ... University administrators are perfectly willing to appeal--however indirectly--to the stereotypes that persist in our culture in order to justify their failure to pay a fair wage, whether that stereotype is one about gender--secretaries all have husbands who are the family breadwinners--or about academic idealism--TAs shouldn't strike because they believe in the importance of education ...... administrators are well aware that ... in keeping graduate students' status as non-employee, they can have the single most valuable commodity there is: cheap labor."

Corporate universities, are $tudents selling $tudents? , by Andrew MacDonald
"Students' spaces at universities have been taken over by Pizza-Hut, Tim Horton's and other corporate giants ... It is not simply university administrations making these deals, student unions themselves are being overtaken by corporate thinking, and corporate sponsorship ...every new instance of privatization provides new opportunities and justifications for the further retreat of government dollars from the funding of post-secondary education, with destructive results for quality and accessibility ... The two soft drink giants Pepsi and Coca-Cola often enter bidding wars over who will get the exclusivity deals to stock a campus' pop coolers and vending machines, and to sponsor athletics. Not surprisingly, school administrators, student union representatives, and the companies signing the deals refuse to discuss the terms ... By entering into an agreement with Pepsi, the Dalhousie Student Union has exchanged a captive audience of over 13,000 potential Pepsi customers, for amounts of funding and incentives that they will not disclose ... although it may initially appear benign, corporate involvement in universities goes far beyond simply allocating money for new team uniforms. In a fundraising video for Queen's University, a former President of the Royal Bank of Canada explains that, ´it is in business' best interest to get themselves involved, to get directly involved with funding for universities, but also with a direct involvement in setting the curricula, so that they will get the kind of student they want.´ ..."

Mexico: Neoliberal Adjustment of the Educational Sector, Report for the Third Trinational Conference in Defense of Public Education. Mexican Section of the Trilateral Coalition in Defense of Public Education (28/Feb - 2/March /97) Vancouver, Canada
"...with the exception of a few years, increases or decreases in payments on the debt occurred in direct relation to educational spending ... The repercussions...are clear. For the first time in over 50 years in Mexico, the number of children in primary schooling not only failed to rise, but fell by 1.4 million children ... thousands of teachers are forced to work as taxi drivers, enter the informal economy or migrate to the United States ...... 5. NAFTA and education, reduction of the legal public arena: ... in preparation for implementing NAFTA, the Salinas de Gortari government asked Congress to modify ... the Constitution so from that day forward, the State would only be obliged to provide basic (primary and secondary) education ... New laws on patents and royalties follow a similar pattern, changing a 20-year tradition of characterizing certain areas of knowledge as part of the public domain, including fertilizers, medicines, plants, etc. ...... 6. Evaluation as a mechanism for restricting: ... when the education system is seeking to become smaller, evaluation ends up serving as an instrument for exclusion ... To this end, the government has promoted and financed indirectly the creation of a private agency (CENEVAL) ... This agency, a type of replica of the Education Testing Corporation ... sent approximately 100,000 of the applicants to schools which are designed to prepare students for higher education. The remaining applicants, about 162,000, were sent to technical schools, independent of their interest or disposition ... all those evaluated had already successfully passed their school exams and had their certificates accrediting them to continue their studies ... With this strategy, the "victims" become the ones at fault for not obtaining a score that is high enough ... ... all public school teachers at the basic, intermediate..., and higher levels have been evaluated annually. But, only a very small portion of them benefit from this process by receiving additional increments to make their salaries comparable to their regular salaries before 1983 ... instead of resolving problems, these schemes have intensified them ... They fragment academic work; they create friction among teachers...; they discourage indepth research work; and for the long-term, by measuring quantitative factors more than qualitative ones, they serve to intensify bureaucratic control. Finally, cliques tend to develop around the evaluation commissions ... A significant consequence of this type of evaluation is that education tends to become more and more authoritarian ... participation in administering education has ... actually been constricted ... Government educational bureaucracies have, on the other hand, been strengthened ... But, the impact of NAFTA on the use of evaluations is particularly clear in the process of homologizing professions ... consider the case of medicine ... In Mexico, as in Canada, medicine is a profession strongly tied to a global system for public health financed by the State ... Private practice has been generally oriented to the medium- and high-level income sectors ... homologizing criteria carries the risk of defining private practice and the intensive use of advanced technology as indispensable ingredients for speaking of "quality." In other words, U.S. experience in highly privatized medicine will be used as the ultimate measuring stick. For the simple reason of not losing a chance to become "globalized universities," many medicine schools will abandon the tradition of public medicine..."

Universities in Crisis; Workers in Struggle: The Knowledge Industry, Political Solidarity, and Applied Sociology, by Corey Dolgon, Worcester State College (1998)
"the custodial workers at Southampton College of Long Island University were sold to Laro Management Company, an outside firm ... custodians suddenly found themselves forced to fill out new job applications for positions some had held for almost 30 years. ... work conditions and compensation for custodians had changed significantly: they lost ... benefits; ... they experienced immediate changes in work, pay, and vacation schedules ... workers...were willing to resist...Coalition brought together students, faculty, staff and concerned members of the community to work with custodians in pressuring the college ... similar fights occurring in places like Tufts, University of Rhode Island, the University of Pennsylvania, and elsewhere ... racial divisions were obvious and, while custodians of color argued vigorously that race played a crucial role in their treatment, white workers felt that they had been betrayed by the College in order to save money and, possibly, break the union ... some workers (both white and minority) thought that workers of color who were becoming more militant ...were actually to blame for the decision. ... Management had successfully "played" them against one another other...On a small scale, this event is just another example of a continuing crisis in the function and functioning of the modern university ...... Applied Sociology in Struggle: ... we still need to "apply" our research in ways that challenge both the corporatization of the institution as well as the elite nature of scholarly knowledge production itself. "

Cutting taxes at students' expense,, by John Mudd, The Oracle On Line, (24/May/99)
"...during the past decade tuition costs have increased by 195.3 percent when inflation has only risen 63.3 percent ... student debt has increased by 60 percent during the past 20 years ... Such a high price we pay so that the bars where we go so often to drink and dance can pay less in taxes ... There were a slew of other tax cuts that sailed through this year - tax cuts that totaled over $1billion - $1 billion that could have just as easily completely subsidized our complete tuition bill ......Are tax cuts a bad thing? No, not at all ... But I did not see what I have been paying in sales tax - state, city, county or otherwise - cut even a cent. Nor did I see my rent lowered due to a property tax cut for apartment complexes ... No, these tax cuts went to huge contributors to state legislators' campaigns for election and re-election ... Is that a bad thing? Not if you're on the beneficial end I suppose."

"La dégradation de l'enseignement est délibérée", Interview de Gérard de Sélys sur le mouvement des lycéens en France, par David Ambrosio, Rebelle
" - Gérard de Sélys. ... Les enseignants français avaient déjà fait massivement grève en février 98 pour les mêmes raisons ... Enseignants et étudiants français protestent contre la dégradation accélérée de l'enseignement en France. Les classes sont surpeuplées, les bâtiments mal entretenus, des cours supprimés ... la dégradation de l'enseignement est délibérée ... Cette stratégie consiste à dégrader l'enseignement public à un point tel que les étudiants se tournent vers un enseignement présenté comme meilleur ou plus 'pointu' et... payant ... l'éducation était un gigantesque marché potentiel. Il y a 80 millions d'étudiants dans l'Union européenne. Si on parvient à vendre l'enseignement à plusieurs millions d'entre-eux, c'est un nouveau marché, équivalent à celui de l'automobile, qui s'ouvre ... La stratégie est mondiale. C'est partout pareil ... Et les étudiants et enseignants ne bougent pas seulement en France. Il y a des mouvements partout. Au Brésil, une cinquantaine d'universités ont été en grève totale pendant trois mois au printemps. En Espagne, en Italie, en Allemagne, au Canada, partout ça bouge. Le jour où enseignants, étudiants et lycéens sauront exactement ce qui se prépare, je pense qu'il y aura un soulèvement général.
+ Comme en 68?
- Gérard de Sélys. Ce n'est pas impossible."

[ :) ] [^]

The National Committe of Inquiry into Higher Education -Dearing Report- (UK)
"-Higher education today...-Student support and graduate contributions...-95. A student support system for the future should, as far as possible:...require those with the means to do so to make a fair contribution to the costs of their higher education"

American Higher Education: Behind the Emerald City's Curtain, by Chester E. Finn Jr. & Bruno V. Manno, Hudson Institute Briefing Paper Number 188 (April/96)
"U.S. higher education must develop a greater concern for productivity and willingness to serve consumers. Administrators should cut costs, stiffen entry requirements, and concentrate on serious academic subjects"

Tuition fees, by D. Bruce Johnstone, Chancellor, State University of New York at Buffalo (1992)
"Most of Western Europe and most nations that currently or recently adhered to some form of Socialist-Marxist ideology have, until the mid-90's, had virtually no private higher education sector and no tuitions in their public universities ... the principal immediate beneficiaries of free public higher education--students and friends and families of students--are enormously powerful politically, by virtue of their predominantly middle- and upper-middle class backgrounds, their status as intellectual and social elites, and their heightened ideological sensitivities and generally greater proclivity to disruptive or even violent political behavior. Thus, the inauguration of tuition where such a policy does not yet exist is a politically difficult act, regardless of its merits ... it seems only fair to expect the students or families to pay at least something rather than to impose the burden on all general taxpayers, most of whom will not so benefit."

New Paradigms in Ecuador , by Liz Reisberg, International Higher Education, (Summer 1997)
"Nelson Cevallos and Rodrigo Arrobo each graduated from the university over which each presides today - Cevallos from the Escuela Superior Politécnica del Litoral ... and Arrobo from the Escuela Politécnica Nacional ...Both rectors recognized that there was a pressing need for new sources of revenue ... Both men understood the necessity of increasing student fees ... Still, free higher education is a long-standing tradition in Latin America - often constitutionally guaranteed. It is not a tradition challenged lightly ... Cevallos relieved some of the strain on the budget by removing services from the university budget and contracting them out to providers in the private sector - e.g., maintenance, security, the university bookstore, and bus service. However, the key element of his plan was to reduce financial dependency on the government by dramatically increasing self-generated income. He did this by creating 27 new, self-financing degree programs, introducing a structure to reward individual faculty members and their departments for selling consulting services, renting university facilities to outside groups, and expanding a profit-making continuing education program. Many of his proposals bucked tradition and provoked passionate debate in the University Council ... Arrobo introduced a plan that would reduce enrollment in the predegree program and reduce the length to one semester. The most controversial part of his plan, though, was the introduction of an admissions aptitude test ...His goal was to limit the program to those students who had a good possibility of passing it ... Open access and free higher education are sacred in much of Latin America and certainly in Ecuador. Arrobo challenged both ideals and succeeded in introducing new approaches".

Universidad responsable, sociedad solidaria-P.1, P.2, P.3, P.4, P.5, Mensaje del rector Francisco Barnés de Castro, Gaceta UNAM, México (15/Feb/99)
"...la institución requiere formar hombres y mujeres capaces de competir en un mundo en que privará la globalidad ... El gobierno federal ha cumplido el encargo de la sociedad, al entregarle anualmente los recursos fiscales que requiere para su operación ... Si bien los recursos asignados permiten hacer frente a las tareas básicas de la institución, resultan insuficientes para proseguir la construcción de la universidad que el país requiere ante el nuevo siglo de la globalidad ... Por ello, la Universidad ha emprendido ... programas y estrategias para ampliar y diversificar las fuentes de financiamiento ... En relación a los estudiantes ... estoy turnando ... una propuesta de reforma al Reglamento General de Pagos, que actualiza los montos vigentes de cuotas de inscripción y colegiatura ... En la exposición de motivos del Reglamento General de Pagos de 1936 se ... precisa que: "...el deber primario y fundamental de todo estudiante consiste en contribuir en la medida de sus posibilidades económicas, al sostenimiento de su casa de estudios..." ...Es cierto que la educación representa la mejor inversión para un país y que la sociedad se ve favorecida por los alumnos que se forman en los recintos universitarios; pero también es verdad que los alumnos son los más beneficiados ...".

Medios de Comunicación (Media) : [^]

The Dalhousie Faculty Strike: A strikingly liberatory education , by Penny McCall Howard
"Official administrative communications leading up to and during the strike emphasized our roles as clients, as passive consumers of a product they provided .... Substantial financial and media support was provided to students who wished to sue the faculty association and the university for lost class time, but not to those who demonstrated and walked the picket line in the name of quality education."

Israeli student strike ends in failure , by Amitt Landau (9/Dec/98)
"The strike began in October with great militancy and enthusiasm. It led to more than 600 students being detained and 50 wounded by police violence. But the strike lost its momentum in the last few weeks, with fewer students on the streets, and growing opposition to the strike within the students' ranks. Student leaders accused Netanyahu of spreading misinformation in the media in order to confuse the students and break them."

La Revolú-Teca: UPR -Cronología 1997,
"22 de septiembre de 1997: El Nuevo Día publica la columna "Hay que Proteger la UPR"por Ismael Fernández. La misma hace un llamado a la vigilancia del movimiento estudiantil, creando una tónica reminiscente a las prácticas de carpeteo e infiltración de los 70s y 80s. Dice Fernández: "A ese grupúsculo hay que vigilarlo…son ruidosos, agresivos, desconsiderados".

Argumente gegen Dummschwätzer (1)
"Vom "Focus bis zum "Bundeskanzleramt ist klar: Staatsfeind Nr. 1 sind die Sozialschmarotzer. Mit den Asylanten, Arbeitslosen und Sozialhilfeempfängern versaufen die Studis unser Staat sein klein Häschen Wer studieren will, soll künftig dafür zahlen!"

Are the Media Missing a Graduate Student Revolution?, by Kathy McDonald, News Watch Spotlight (29/June/99)
"Graduate students on several University of California campuses voted to unionize this month ... .While regional papers such as The Los Angeles Times and the San Diego Union-Tribune provided coverage of the vote counts, the graduate students' victories received almost no media attention outside of the state of California".

Students mobilize across Latin America , por Antonio Prieto, Information Services Latin America, Current events (June/99)
"The U.S. mainstream press has virtually ignored the massive student strikes and demonstrations that have been taking place throughout Latin America since last April. University students in Mexico, Nicaragua, Chile, Argentina and Ecuador have been engaged in mobilizations that in some cases are broader than those of 1968. While some limited coverage can be found buried in the pages of the New York Times and a few other dailies, no attempt has been made to link these incidents to greater unrest in Latin America, nor of providing background information; let alone any sort of analysis".

La Prensa y la Huelga de la UNAM, por Carlos Fazio, Le Monde Diplomatique México, (mayo/99)
"El investigador Sergio Zermeño demostró que en los primeros nueve días de huelga, la UNAM había gastado en desplegados en los periódicos la mitad de las cuotas estudiantiles que rectoría se proponía recabar en 1999; sin contar la publicidad ... en la radio y televisión, siempre más cara. ... Satanizado por los media, en particular en los noticieros de los dos consorcios privados de televisión y los comentaristas radiales de mayor rating, el movimiento huelguista se transformó en un grupo de delincuentes, facinerosos y cultores de la violencia, integrado por jóvenes irracionales e irresponsables. ... la "noticia" fue que la UNAM quedó inmovilizada por un "grupúsculo de vándalos", una "minoría de seudoestudiantes" que "secuestraron" y tomaron de "rehén" a la institución y a los "verdaderos" estudiantes. Se machacó que esos "holgazanes" fueron manipulados por "agitadores" y "agentes externos" ... Contra ellos, reclaman penalistas de clara vocación autoritaria, se debe aplicar "todo el peso de la ley". Campaña difundida en los media con la pretensión de convertir un problema social en un asunto penal ... En todo ese montaje lo de menos fue el hecho que motivó la huelga estudiantil y su contexto: la privatización embozada de la Universidad y la eliminación paulatina y programada de la educación pública y gratuita por encomienda del Banco Mundial"

Algunas asociaciones de estudiantes : [^]

Algunas asociaciones de académicos : [^]

Acciones alternativas o complementarias a la huelgas : [^]

Discusión pública y organización

Legislación

Impuesto Tobin

Democratización de la Universidad

Das Rotationsmodell

Estudiantes-->Uni. Adminstr.<--Gob.Local<---WTO/IMF/WB;
Estudiantes--->WTO/IMF/WB

Discusión pública y organización: [^]

Conference : universities & colleges in the public interest, Canada (29-31/October/99)
"The integrity and independence of Canada's universities and colleges are under threat from private commercial interests. In response to government cutbacks in public funding, university administrators are raising tuition fees and welcoming restrictive corporate partnerships. Governments are forcing researchers into relationships with private sector corporations as a condition of public funding. Business is pressing universities to be servants of corporate interests ......The Canadian Association of University Teachers invites you to join some of Canada's most distinguished researches and educators in panels and workshops as we consider the impact of commercialization on reserach and education, and develop strategies to reclaim universities and colleges for the public interest."

Conference: Challenging Corporate America, Yale University, New Haven, CT (16-18/April/99)
"...a particularly opportune time and place to discuss ... the right to organize, the transformations in the academy, and the new multicultural labor movement..."

Universities in Crisis; Workers in Struggle: The Knowledge Industry, Political Solidarity, and Applied Sociology, by Corey Dolgon, Worcester State College (1998)
"the custodial workers at Southampton College of Long Island University were sold to Laro Management Company, an outside firm ... custodians suddenly found themselves forced to fill out new job applications for positions some had held for almost 30 years. ... work conditions and compensation for custodians had changed significantly: they lost eligibility for ... retirement benefits; they lost tuition remission benefits; they lost access to emergency loans ... and they experienced immediate changes in work, pay, and vacation schedules ...The Southampton Coalition For Justice : A few days after custodians had been notified that their union contract had been passed on to an outside management company ... custodians themselves began passing around a petition among students. The petition called on the College's administration to cancel the new contract and rehire them directly. ... Over the following few weeks, the Coalition brought together students, faculty, staff and concerned members of the community to work with custodians in pressuring the college ... Corporate ability to downsize workers, break unions, and further the downward spiral of wages and benefits is pretty much taken for granted these days. But the political solidarities and communities of struggle ... could challenge the freedom of capital mobility. As we reach out to others in the community. "

Legislación : [^]

Cutting taxes at students' expense , by John Mudd, The Oracle On Line, (24/May/99)
"...during the past decade tuition costs have increased by 195.3 percent when inflation has only risen 63.3 percent ... student debt has increased by 60 percent during the past 20 years ... Such a high price we pay so that the bars where we go so often to drink and dance can pay less in taxes ... There were a slew of other tax cuts that sailed through this year - tax cuts that totaled over $1billion .... students generally sit back and do nothing except guzzle more beer from that bar that just got a huge tax cut....Sometimes our actions in the legislative process are self-defeating because quite simply, they don't exist ... We must find a way to empower ourselves in legislative matters. In order to prevent such acts, students must begin to organize and create a strong and permanent foundation from which to work ... Then and only then will the state legislature stop robbing students to pay large, wealthy business entities."

The Corporatised University , Editorial of the Multinational Monitor, (Nov/97)
"The most profound harm of university-industry ties may be the erosion of university and professorial independence ... Consider the realm of biotechnology. Most leading academic biologists have ties to biotechnology companies. On critical biotech policy issues, such as the safety of releasing genetically altered organisms into the environment, there are few independent expert voices enlivening the public debate ... Public disclosure is the first step to deal with the issue of potentially conflicted professors and academic institutions, but it is not enough. There is a need also to develop university norms that discourage both individual and institutional ties to business, so the academy can fulfill a more robust social role than that of corporate subsidiary."

WORLD DECLARATION ON HIGHER EDUCATION FOR THE TWENTY-FIRST CENTURY: VISION AND ACTION, UNESCO

DECLARATION MONDIALE SUR L'ENSEIGNEMENT SUPERIEUR POUR LE XXIe SIECLE : VISION ET ACTIONS, UNESCO

DECLARACION MUNDIAL SOBRE LA EDUCACION SUPERIOR EN EL SIGLO XXI: VISION Y ACCION, UNESCO

Impuesto Tobin : [^]

Currency Speculation Control Options-Halifax Initiative
"speculative foreign exchange transactions are not based ... upon estimates of physical or economic value, but instead upon predictions of the speculative trades of other traders. ... currency speculation does not generate new net capital. ... a profit to one trader is a loss to another - a zero sum game of equity redistribution among those with cash to gamble. ... It is very difficult for outsiders to assess how much of the foreign exchange transactions are tied to production; estimates range from 3% to 18%. ... Eighty-two percent of transactions are settled in seven days or less. The percentage of transactions conducted by ultimate customers (non financial) varied between 7 to 17%. This indicates the high proportion of speculative transactions. ... In 1995 $1.23 trillion daily was registered in foreign exchange ... By comparison, the value of annual global trade in goods and services was $4.3 trillion ... As technology advances, transactions can take place ... faster and with less cost ... more and more spot transactions are made by automated brokers ... Foreign exchange markets are said to be volatile when changes in the exchange rates are excessive compared to underlying economic fundamentals such as economic growth and employment. ... Recent currency crises in Mexico and the European Community show that this undesirable volatility is occurring ...The International Monetary Fund ... counts 11 crises since 1973 ... Global wealth distribution is growing more and more polarized, with a minority of people controlling the vast majority of resources and capital. Money used to service debt, or maintain reserves to defend against speculation, or to endlessly circulate in the markets, is lost to the real physical world where it could be used to improve human welfare. ... The value of private capital available on open markets greatly exceeds the reserves of individual nations' central banks. ... the independence and autonomy of national governments is eroded and their ability to direct equity distribution within their country is curtailed ... Reducing pressures from international currency volatility would give governments more freedom to pursue domestic economic policy."

The Tobin Tax
"In 1978, James Tobin, a Nobel Prize-winning economist, first proposed the idea of a tax on foreign exchange transactions that would be applied uniformly by all major countries. A tiny amount (less than 0.5%) would be levied on all foreign currency exchange transactions to deter speculation on currency fluctuations. While the rate would be low enough not to have a significant effect on longer term investment where yield is higher, it would cut into the yields of speculators moving massive amounts of currency around the globe as they seek to profit from minute differentials in currency fluctuations. ... financial speculation plays havoc with national budgets, economic planning and allocation of resources.... We should continue to pressure our government and the UN, IMF and World Bank to take steps to implement this measure as soon as possible. The tax should be administered by an accountable democratic structure such as could be found within the UN system, with the revenue collected used for genuine social development."

Die Diskussion über die Tobin-Steuer, Kunibert Raffer, Wien, 8. Juni 1996
"Ich möchte über die Tobin-Steuer sprechen, die angeregt wurde von einem Herrn Jakob Tobin, Nobelpreis 1981 für Ökonomie. Dieser schlug ursprünglich in der 70er Jahren und später im vom UNDP herausgegebenen Human Development Report 1994 vor, eine einmalige Steuer von 0,5 % auf jede Währungstransaktion zu legen. ... Zuerst versuchte Tobin, durch diese Abgabe die rein spekulativen Geldströme zu unterbinden oder zu behindern. Mittlerweile hat sich die Fragestellung ein wenig verschoben; die Tobin-Steuer wird auch als Möglichkeit angesehen, zu Geld zu kommen, Einkommen zu schaffen, das man für diverse Zwecke ausgeben kann. Tobin selbst hatte angeregt, diese Einnahmen vor allem für internationale Zwecke auszugeben. ... Ebenfalls im "Human Development Report" des UNDP hat ein anderer Nobelpreisträger, Jan Tinbergen, einen Satz geschrieben, der vielleicht sehr ermutigend ist: "The utopists of today often turn out to be the realists of tomorrow". In diesem Sinn kann man hoffen, daß vielleicht auch die Tobin-Steuer irgendwann in das Stadium der politischen Durchführbarkeit gelangt."

Control y orientación de las transacciones financieras, Copenhagen Seminars for Social Progress
"En 1972 el economista James Tobin propuso un impuesto sobre las operaciones cambiarias internacionales, para así combatir la especulación a corto plazo e introducir cierta estabilidad en los mercados financieros. El "Impuesto Tobin" se aplicaría a las operaciones de contado en los mercados de divisas internacionales. Tal medida aminoraría en alguna medida el problema creado por los tipos de cambio fluctuantes. En un momento posterior surgió la idea de que el beneficio generado por este impuesto podría destinarse a la financiación de proyectos de desarrollo. Los cálculos presentados en la edición de 1994 del Informe sobre Desarrollo Humano publicado por el PNUD, sugieren que un impuesto del 0,01 por ciento generaría un beneficio de aproximadamente 150 mil millones de dólares estadounidenses por año. Se han presentado diferentes sugerencias sobre la forma de recaudación y control. Por razones morales, económicas y financieras parece importante reavivar la idea de un impuesto sobre las transacciones cambiarias internacionales, vincular su empleo a los problemas y objetivos que reflejen una percepción compartida del bien común y basar su gestión en una asociación entre naciones en diferentes niveles de desarrollo económico."

Feasibility of the Tobin Tax, by Rodney Schmidt, International Economic Analysts (Canadian Department of Finance)
"The motivation for the most recent surge in interest in the Tobin Tax and other sources of international finance is ... its potential for generating revenue to finance international public programmes at a time when demand is exploding and funding increasingly difficult to obtain. International public health, education, relief, and refugee programmes, provided largely by the UN group..."

Autobiography of James Tobin

Sign the Tobin Tax Declaration-Halifax Initiative

Tobin Tax - Links

Democratización de la Universidad: [^]

Catalogue of demands, German strike, (1/Dec/97)
"-Student unions and internal democracy at universities : Democratic structures must prevail within the universities, i.e. the abolition of the professoral majority in the academic committees and stronger student participation in university matters. The involvement of students in the conception of the curriculum is to be encouraged. A common student body of representatives with a general political mandate must be constitutionalized on a national scale. The distinction between "university politics" and "general politics" is problematic and is merely used as a way to hinder student articulation. Furthermore, we demand the obligation of the government to involve students in the process of modifying state and federal laws concerning students."

Pilares fundamentales de la Universidad democrática, postulados de la Reforma Universitaria de 1918, Federación Universitaria del Litoral
"...entre los muchos ejemplos de procesos de cambio en los que los estudiantes universitarios han participado, hay uno en particular que marcó un punto de inflexión para la Universidad Argentina y Latinoamericana; no sólo en lo que a su organización se refiere sino también en cuanto a sus misiones en la sociedad. Nos referiremos a la REFORMA UNIVERSITARIA DE 1918.La iniciativa de la creación de las primeras Universidades en nuestros país (durante la época colonial) le correspondió a la Iglesia. Marcada por las tradiciones clericales, la enseñanza superior estaba signada por un fuerte espíritu conservador. Hacia principios de siglo, en la mayoría de las Universidades aparecían ya consolidados rasgos representativos de este viejo modelo: la cátedra como feudo personal del profesor: este determinaba los programas a seguir, la orientación de los mismos, la forma de promoción y aún su sucesor; el ocultamiento deliberado de teorías científicas como la de Darwin o Newton por ser contrarias a la ideología de las autoridades universitarias; la aplicación de una dura disciplina y un culto extremo a tradiciones ya arcaicas por aquel entonces. ... Hacia 1918 los estudiantes universitarios ya han materializado sus Centros de Estudiantes, desde los que impulsan huelgas, manifestaciones y petitorios con amplia adhesión. ... Entre los más destacados reclamos de los jóvenes reformistas hechos realidad por la Reforma de 1918, se pueden mencionar: DOCENCIA LIBRE: Posibilidad de que se dicten materias o cursos afines o complementarios a los del plan de estudios. CÁTEDRAS PARALELAS: Existencia de más de una cátedra por materia, para que los estudiantes puedan optar libremente entre distintos enfoques. CONCURSOS PÚBLICOS: De antecedentes y oposición para el acceso a la docencia, como instrumento mediante el cual garantizar la idoneidad y la igualdad de oportunidades. PERIODICIDAD DE LA CATEDRA: Concursos abiertos y periódicos para permanecer en la cátedra, como forma de promover la permanente actualización del docente. EXTENSIÓN UNIVERSITARIA: Permanente diseño y emprendimiento de tareas que vinculen los recursos humanos y materiales de la Universidad con los requerimientos de la sociedad."

Crisis y futuro de la Universidad , por Luis Cifuentes Seves, académico de la Facultad de Ciencias Físicas y Matemáticas de la Universidad de Chile.
"En los intentos por unir el desarrollo universitario a los intereses de las mayorías siempre se ha destacado el movimiento estudiantil ...La participación estudiantil nació con la universidad ... las primeras universidades - Bolonia y sus seguidoras italianas - fueron regidas íntegramente por los estudiantes y en los siglos siguientes se manifestó tanto el rectorado estudiantil (por ej. en las universidades de Viena, Praga, Cracovia, Aix-en-Provence y Glasgow) como el cogobierno. Hasta la fecha (1997) en las universidades escocesas el rector es elegido por los estudiantes - si bien el cargo tiene hoy un significado ceremonial y no ejecutivo - y el cogobierno con participación de estudiantes y funcionarios pervive en las universidades españolas....En América Latina el movimiento estudiantil iniciado en 1918 con el Manifiesto Liminar de Córdoba (Argentina) planteó el cogobierno y lo estableció en Argentina, Uruguay y Brasil, donde existe hasta la fecha. En otros países latinoamericanos esta modalidad de gestión se ha practicado por períodos. ... La participación de los estudiantes es universalmente reconocida como beneficiosa y existe en casi todas las universidades europeas en una u otra forma. Se la ve como un mecanismo de comunicación y coherencia institucional, como una experiencia formativa para los estudiantes y como una manera de involucrar responsablemente al estamento discente en aspectos del rodaje diario de la universidad. Así por ejemplo, en numerosas universidades de los países desarrollados la mayor parte de los servicios ofrecidos por la universidad al estudiantado son administrados por el estamento discente. En los hechos, la participación de toda la comunidad universitaria es esencial en la ejecución de cualquier proyecto de desarrollo institucional ...... El cogobierno es un tipo específico de gestión universitaria que implica: a) participación triestamental en la elección de autoridades y b) participación triestamental en los cuerpos colegiados (Consejo Superior, consejos de facultad, departamento y otros). ...... Para constituir cogobierno, la participación debe darse en porcentajes gravitatorios en el proceso de toma de decisiones. ...... Como puede apreciarse, y a pesar de la demonización del cogobierno hecha por regímenes dictatoriales de extrema derecha, esta modalidad de gestión no constituye novedad ni aberración histórica y debe ser juzgada de acuerdo a sus méritos."

The National Union of Finnish Students
"The National Union of Finnish Students Suomen ylioppilaskuntien liitto, SYL for short, is an interest organization defending and improving students' educational, financial, and social benefits and rights. ... Each Finnish institution of higher education has a student union, the existence of which is based on legislature: all undergraduate students enrolled in an institution of higher education are automatically members of the corresponding student union. The student unions are administered by students themselves. ... all higher-level students (undergraduates) and part of secondary-level students belong to SYL. * Structure: The Congress is held yearly ... It elects the president and six other executive board members as well as decides upon the working plan and budget of the union ... it may decide upon further issues presented by the Board, members of the Union or delegates to the Congress ... Each member organization may send one representative per 1000 or less members to the Congress, which means that the meeting is attended by about 125 official delegates. ....The Board has the decision-making and executive power between Congressess. The board meets at least once a week. It sets up necessary sections and working groups ... Members of the Board work part-time in the SYL office....The office consists of the secretariat and technical staff...* Working methods: ... the opinion of SYL is heard in various official organs dealing with education. SYL is asked to make statements in a great variety of matters ranging from general housing and social welfare to study financing and student health. ... SYL is represented in diverse national bodies, involving those dealing with higher education policies, for example the Council for Higher Education and its sub-committees, and various committees and working groups of the Ministry of Education. ... SYL also arranges meetings and seminars, organizes press campaigns, and publishes leaflets and publications. * Areas of Work & Major Issues : * Education Policy and Science : -reform of higher education system: structural, financial, degree system; -relationship between university and society; -assessment of the quality and efficiency of university education and research; -internationalization of education; * Students' Social Welfare: -study financing; -Finnish Student Health Service; -impact of the internationalization of education on students' social welfare -student housing and housing in general * International Affairs: -internationalization of education; student and trainee exchange; -educational services for member unions; -foreign students; -global issues; -contacts with relevant authorities and organizations; -development co-operation (concrete projects, information and political support) ...* Other: -Employment; -Women's Issues: equal opportunities; -Environment: environmental education; -Organization and Information. * Services: ... Student Card that entitles him/her to discounts on travel and in student restaurants. Besides, the local student unions have negotiated student discounts in different shops, movies, theaters, sport and local public transport. ...SYL has also been building up corporations that produce services to every student. These are for example the Finnish Student Health Service (YTHS), Student Housing Foundations and Student Research Foundation (OTUS). * Foreign Students: Student Union membership is compulsory also for foreign students who study in Finland as basic degree students .... Besides being members of the local student union and SYL foreign students have their own organization... "

Das Rotationsmodell: [^]

Das Rotationsmodell
"Nachdem der Streik in vielen Hochschulen überraschend und sehr spontan ausgerufen wurde, überschlugen sich meist die Aktionen und auch die Kreativität der Streikenden. Es entstand eine große Euphorie und auch eine Art Partystimmung. Es machte einfach Spaß auf die Straße zu gehen und Aktionen durchzuführen. Die große Masse der Studierenden war begeistert. Es fanden so viele Aktionen gleichzeitig statt, daß Vielen der Überblick verloren ging. Eine Flut von Flyern und Postern mit unzähligen Ankündigungen überschwemmten die Hochschulen. Es war schon schwer genug, einen Überblick über die Aktivitäten der Hochschulen in der eigenen Stadt zu behalten, ein bundesweiter Überblick war unmöglich. So gingen viele gute Aktionen vielleicht in der Menge unter, oder wurden nicht zahlreich genug besucht, da sich die Masse auf etliche andere Aktionen aufteilte. Nach der anfänglichen Euphorie, fing allerdings nach ca. zwei bis drei Wochen an vielen Hochschulen die Basis an zu bröckeln. Gründe hierfür waren unter anderem:
- Der Streik an sich wurde von Vielen von Anfang an nicht als Mittel angesehen.
- Falsche Vorstellungen vom Mittel Streik, von Vielen wurde eine schnelle Erreichung der Ziele erwartet, als dann aber nichts passierte, und die Forderungen nach mehr inhaltlicher Diskussion laut wurden, waren Viele demotiviert und gaben auf.
- Nur Wenige waren bereit, ihr Semester für längerfristige Ziele zu "opfern".
- Die Klausuren rückten näher und somit konzentrierten sich immer mehr auf die Vorbereitung für diese Klausuren.
- Es bestand eine solche Informationsflut, daß es immer schwerer wurde Aktionen zu koordinieren, und den Überblick über den gesamten Streikstand zu bewahren.
- Die Einstellung: "Naja, Andere werden schon bei den Aktionen teilnehmen!"
- Viele waren und sind vielleicht immer noch nicht über ihre eigene Betroffenheit informiert.
- Die eigentlichen Ziele wurden aus den Augen verloren.
- Keine Gemeinschaft, sondern Individualismus.
- Viele Studierende blieben auch einfach zu Hause.
- Überarbeitung der Aktiven.
- Die Kluft zwischen den Streikbefürwortern und den Streikgegnern wurde größer.
... Das Rotationsmodell:
...Dieses Modell bietet die Chance, die weiterhin notwendigen studentischen Proteste bundesweit zu koordinieren, um somit eine vorher nicht dagewesene Einheit aller deutschen Hochschulen zu bilden. Nur durch ein bundesweites gemeinschaftliches Zusammenarbeiten können wir unseren Forderungen Nachdruck verleihen, um somit tatsächlich etwas zu verändern.... Das gesamte Bundesgebiet wurde in sieben Regionen eingeteilt, die nacheinander je eine Woche streiken, bzw. eine Aktionswoche durchführen sollen. Hierbei bleibt es jeder einzelnen Hochschule selbst überlassen ob die Vorlesungen trotz Aktionen stattfinden sollen oder nicht...

Die Vorteile des Rotationsmodells:
- Kein Semester- oder Schein-, Klausurenverlust.
- Streikmüde und Streikgegner können in die Proteste wieder mit einbezogen werden.
- Neue Motivierung von den Aktiven und immer noch Streikenden.
- Bündelung von Kräften.
- Durch Terminvorgaben ist eine langfristige Planung von Aktionen möglich, dadurch steigt die Qualität der Aktionen, es kann besser mit den sozialen Bündnispartnern zusammengearbeitet werden und die Presse kann besser informiert werden.
- Demonstration einer guten bundesweiten Protestkoordination, um somit unseren Forderungen Nachdruck zu verleihen.
- Möglichkeit dauerhaft auf die Politik einzuwirken, die ab Mai in den Wahlkampf für die Bundestagswahl eintreten wird.
- Eine Strukturvorgabe erleichtert und garantiert den Informationsfluß zwischen allen Hochschulen in Deutschland und schafft gleichzeitig genügend Raum für lokalspezifische Inhalte der Proteste."

Estudiantes --> Adminstr.Univ. <-- Gob.Local <--- WTO/IMF/WB;
Estudiantes --> WTO/IMF/WB : [^]

UPNG STUDENTS OUT ON STRIKE: AID/WATCH Takes Their Claims to the World Bank, by Danny Kennedy, AID/WATCH (8/March/96)
"Students, coming to the capital to attend the University of Papua New Guinea for a new school year, were told they would have to pay for their education - whereas last year it was free!...The idea of fees for tertiary education was part of the original policy matrix proposed by the World Bank ten months ago, in Papua New Guinea's ongoing Structural Adjustment Program (SAP) ... AID/WATCH was asked by the National Coalition and the Union of Students to take up this issue with the Australian government and World Bank who both hold much sway over PNG's government through the conditionality of loans in the SAP. In a meeting with Marianne Haugh, the World Bank's Country Director for PNG, an AID/WATCH representative was told that the Bank doesn't have any influence in PNG. Evidence speaks to the contrary and AID/WATCH pressed home the NUS' demands asking Ms Haugh to take them up with Prime Minister Chan in meetings later that week. ... But as AID/WATCH stated in the press release: "It is not just the Bank that has to act responsibly on this issue. PNG's politicians are screwing a measly amount of money out of students while they double-dip for every perk they can get."

Algunos países europeos con educación superior gratuita (todavía): [^]

(EURYDICE, The Information Network on Education in Europe)

Germany (2.15.1. Fees for attendance of educational institutions)
"Generally, no registration fees, semester fees or examination fees are imposed for first degree courses in higher education, neither on German nor on non-German students. However, all students have to pay a minor contribution for the use of the institution's social facilities. If the institution has an organ of student self-administration (a General Student Committee -Allgemeiner Studentenausschuß) students also pay an additional contribution. Similarly, no fees are charged for courses at state-run Berufsakademien."

Denmark (2.15. Economic Accessibility, Financial Aid)
"In the public education system, education is free of charge throughout the system ... In higher education, student grants are awarded by means of a voucher system. As a point of departure, all students enrolled in higher education are given 70 vouchers where one voucher equals one month of study. Students can choose to spend this on a long cycle programme or on several short programmes ... The voucher system aims at improving the students' possibilities of organising their studies. The division into monthly vouchers makes it possible for the students to make personal decisions as to when they want to use the vouchers ... Students, who have a job next to their studies, may earn a certain maximum, the so-called "free amount", and still uphold their grant."

Finnland (2.15.1. Social Benefits for Students)
"Instruction in institutions of higher education is free. In the university sector, undergraduate students (those in Bachelor's and Master's programmes) pay a small membership fee for the students' union every year; in return, they get low-price meals, health care services and other social benefits. The fee is voluntary for postgraduate students."

Liechtenstein (2.14.1. No School Fees)
"On principle, attendance of all public schools in the country as well as vocational schools abroad and other foreign schools bound by contract is free of charge."

Noruega (2.15.3. Economic accessibility and financial aid at higher education level)
"Tuition at state higher education institutions in Norway is free. The institutions may, however, ask a small term fee ... for the running of student welfare activities ... In 1947, the State Educational Loan Fund was set up to provide students with financial support in the form of grants and loans. All registered students at recognized study programmes (in practice all study programmes at the state higher education institutions, and the recognized study programmes at private higher education institutions) may receive loans and/or grants from the State Educational Loan Fund for subsistance costs. These loans are interest free during the studies, and they do not have to be repaid while the student is still studying; they are repaid over a period of maximum 20 years after graduation. The loans and grants are intended to meet such expenses as housing, food and study materials. Norwegians studying at recognized study programmes abroad may also receive support from the State Educational Loan Fund."

Sweden (2.15.3. Financial Aid in Higher Education)
"All public higher education in Sweden is free of charge. Study assistance goes to students attending education programmes approved by the Government. The study assistance consists of two parts, a grant and a second part which is a repayable loan. Students have a right to study assistance for both full-time and part-time studies. Studies must however be at least half-time."

[+] Argentina [^]

[+] Australia [^]

Rally for free education

[+] Canada [^]

The Dalhousie Faculty Strike: A strikingly liberatory education
No to Education Debt Sentence, Canadian Union of Public Employees News Service

[+] Chile [^]

[+] Deutschland [^]

[+] England [^]

[+] France [^]

The French Children´s Strike, October 1998
Students and workers fight back
Situation De Crise. Décembre 1995: La France En Greve
Paris en grêve
Le mouvement des lycéens en France
"La stratégie consiste à dégrader l'enseignement public à un point tel que les étudiants se tournent vers un enseignement payant...La stratégie est mondiale. C'est partout pareil". Interview de Gérard de Sélys

[+] India [^]

JU students form human chain to protest enhanced fees

[+] Israel [^]

[+] México [^]

[+] New Zaeland [^]

[+] Palestina [^]

FINANCIAL CRISIS IN PALESTINIAN UNIVERSITIES

[+] Puerto Rico [^]

[+] Scotland [^]

[+] South Africa [^]

Universities stand firm on student fees

[+] Uruguay [^]

El movimiento estudiantil en el momento actual

[+] USA [^]

Corporate Education Takeover Initiative
Cutting taxes at students' expense, by John Mudd, The Oracle On Line, (24/May/99)
Student protests essential to democracy, the Minnesota Daily (2/Oct/98)
Berkeley Graduate Student Strike, by J. Bradford DeLong, Professor of Economics, University of California at Berkeley
University of Hawaii Faculty Strike , (10/Jan/97)
T.A. Union Battles Heating Up Across United States, by Robert Finn (29/April/1996)
College students renew demands for ethnic studies programs, AsianWeek 16/May/96
Clerical staff still plans strike at University of Cincinnati (29/10/98)
Striking workers at the Community College of Philadelphia, From Susan N. Bernstein on 3/11/98
Many employees disgruntled with uneven raises in pay among staff, Thursday (23/Oct/97)
Point of View: Unions at UCI?
Wednesday, December 2, 1998 UC Teaching Assistants Strike on 8 Campuses
An open letter to all activists (15/November/98)
Teaching Assistants at UC Plan Showdown Over Unionization, By Courtney Leatherman
Fiscal Reform at UCLA The Clash of Accountability and Academic Freedom, By Wellford W. Wilms, Cheryl Teruya, & Marybeth Walpole (11/Sep/96)

Índice :

Crisis universitaria Docs. reforma neoliberal de la educación Medios de Comunicación (Media) Algunas asociaciones de estudiantes Algunas asociaciones de académicos Acciones alternativas o complementarias a la huelgas Algunos países europeos con educación superior gratuita (todavía)

Crisis universitaria : [^]

[^]

Docs. reforma neoliberal de la educación : [^]

[:( ] [^]

[ :) ] [^]

Medios de Comunicación (Media) : [^]

Algunas asociaciones de estudiantes : [^]

Algunas asociaciones de académicos : [^]

Acciones alternativas o complementarias a la huelgas : [^] Discusión pública y organización Legislación Impuesto Tobin Democratización de la Universidad Das Rotationsmodell Estudiantes-->Uni. Adminstr.<--Gob.Local<---WTO/IMF/WB; Estudiantes--->WTO/IMF/WB

Discusión pública y organización: [^]

Legislación : [^]

Impuesto Tobin : [^]

Democratización de la Universidad: [^]

Das Rotationsmodell: [^]

Estudiantes --> Adminstr.Univ. <-- Gob.Local <--- WTO/IMF/WB; Estudiantes --> WTO/IMF/WB : [^]

Algunos países europeos con educación superior gratuita (todavía): [^]

Fundación PL, diciembre 1999

Crisis universitaria

Docs. reforma neoliberal de la educación
Medios de Comunicación (Media)
Algunas asociaciones de estudiantes

Algunas asociaciones de académicos

Acciones alternativas o complementarias a la huelgas

Algunos países europeos con educación superior gratuita (todavía)

Acciones alternativas o complementarias a la huelgas : [^]

Discusión pública y organización

Legislación

Impuesto Tobin

Democratización de la Universidad

Das Rotationsmodell

Estudiantes-->Uni. Adminstr.<--Gob.Local<---WTO/IMF/WB;
Estudiantes--->WTO/IMF/WB

Estudiantes --> Adminstr.Univ. <-- Gob.Local <--- WTO/IMF/WB;
Estudiantes --> WTO/IMF/WB : [^]